Reporter:
Christopher Sprigman, New York University School of Law, New York, NY
Associate Reporters:
Molly van Houweling, University of California School of Law Berkley, Berkley, CA
R. Anthony Reese, University of California School of Law Irvine, Irvine, CA
Daniel Gervais, Vanderbilt School of Law, Nashville, TN
Lydia Loren, Lewis and Clark School of Law, Portland, OR
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................................................................................ xv
Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................................. xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................................................................................... xviii
Chapter 4
Copyright Formalities
§ 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] ............................................................................................................... 1
§ 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989 ................................................ 11
§ 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989 .............................................................................................. 48
§ 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978 .................................................................... 55
§ 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978 ............................................................................. 67
Chapter 5
Duration of Copyright
§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally ......................................................................................................................... 104
§ 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 ..................................................................... 108
Chapter 6
Copyright Rights and Limitations
§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only] ........................................................................ 129
§ 6.05. Importation and Exportation ............................................................................................................................. 133
§ 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance ...................................................................... 139
§ 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right ................................................................................... 151
§ 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art ............................................................................................ 159
Chapter 7
Copyright Infringement
§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally .................................................................................................................... 180
§ 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright ........................................................................................................... 196
§ 7.03. Copying in Fact ................................................................................................................................................ 217
§ 7.04. Improper Appropriation ..................................................................................................................................... 238
§ 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art ............... 272
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ........................................................................................................................................ 282
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised ............................................................................................. 430
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ................................................................................... 443
Tentative Draft No. 4 Revised contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance.............................................................................................................. xv
Foreword....................................................................................................................................... xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................ xviii
Chapter 4
Copyright Formalities
§ 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] (reprinted from T.D. No. 3 Revised) (approved 2022)............................................................................................................................................ 1
§ 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989............ 11
§ 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989........................................................... 48
§ 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978................................. 55
§ 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978........................................... 67
Chapter 5
Duration of Copyright
§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally....................................................................................... 104
§ 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978................................. 108
Chapter 6
Copyright Rights and Limitations
§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only].................................... 129
§ 6.05. Importation and Exportation........................................................................................... 133
§ 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance................................... 139
§ 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right............................................... 151
§ 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art....................................................... 159
Chapter 7
Copyright Infringement
§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally................................................................................. 180
§ 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright........................................................................ 196
§ 7.03. Copying in Fact............................................................................................................... 217
§ 7.04. Improper Appropriation................................................................................................... 238
§ 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art........................................................................................................................ 272
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix.......................................................................................... .. 282
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4............................................................ .. 430
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership..................................... .. 443
Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance.............................................................................................................. xv
Foreword....................................................................................................................................... xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................ xviii
Chapter 4
Copyright Formalities
§ 40. Copyright Formalities [for reference only] (reprinted from T.D. No. 3 Revised) (approved 2022)............................................................................................................................................ 1
§ 42. Use of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978, and Before March 1, 1989............ 11
§ 43. Use of Copyright Notice On or After March 1, 1989........................................................... 48
§ 44. Form and Position of Copyright Notice On or After January 1, 1978................................. 55
§ 45. Registration of Copyright Claims On or After January 1, 1978........................................... 67
Chapter 5
Duration of Copyright
§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally....................................................................................... 104
§ 52. Term of Copyright for Works Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978................................. 108
Chapter 6
Copyright Rights and Limitations
§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [for reference only].................................... 129
§ 6.05. Importation and Exportation........................................................................................... 133
§ 6.07. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Public Performance................................... 139
§ 6.08. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Public Display Right............................................... 151
§ 6.11. Rights of Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art....................................................... 159
Chapter 7
Copyright Infringement
§ 7.01. Copyright Infringement: Generally................................................................................. 180
§ 7.02. Proving Ownership of a Valid Copyright........................................................................ 196
§ 7.03. Copying in Fact............................................................................................................... 217
§ 7.04. Improper Appropriation................................................................................................... 238
§ 7.07. Violation of the Attribution and Integrity Rights Granted to Author of a Statutory Work of Visual Art........................................................................................................................ 272
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix.......................................................................................... .. 282
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 4............................................................ .. 430
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership..................................... .. 443
Tentative Draft No. 4 contains material from Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 7, Copyright Infringement. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2023 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .............................................................................................. xv
Foreword ........................................................................................................................ xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum .............................................................................................. xviii
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts ............................ 1
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................... 18
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally
[Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] ................. 28
§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses ........................................................................................... 37
§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ........... 49
§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses ............................................ 55
CHAPTER 4
COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES
§ 40. Copyright Formalities ............................................................................................... 77
§ 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 .................................................................. 87
§ 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 ........................................... 103
§ 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 ........................................................................................................ 120
§ 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .......... 127
CHAPTER 5
DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
§ 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ......................... 131
§ 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
Before January 1, 1978 .................................................................................................... 140
§ 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations ......................................................... 146
§ 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ........................................................................... 150
CHAPTER 6
COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS
§ 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction .......................................... 161
§ 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
Phonorecords of the Work to the Public .............................................................................. 171
§ 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute
Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public .............................................................. 184
CHAPTER 9
COPYRIGHT REMEDIES
§ 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ........................................................................ 195
§ 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases .......................................................................... 202
§ 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ........................................................... 230
§ 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ......................................................................... 263
§ 9.05. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................... 295
§ 9.06. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees ................................................................................ 309
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................. 326
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised ...................................... 402
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 415
Tentative Draft No. 3 Revised contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§ 10); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 15); Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§ 20, Comment g; §§ 27-29); Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities (§§ 40, 41, 46-48); Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright (§§ 50, 51, 53, 54); Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations (§§ 56, 57, 59); Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies (§§ 9.01-9.04; § 9.05 (previously § 9.06) and § 9.06 (previously § 9.05)). The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This draft has been revised based on the discussion at the Meeting. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................... xvi
Foreword .............................................................................................................. xvii
Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xix
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts .................... 1
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Reference Only] ................ 18
§ 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection ............................. 28
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally
[Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] .......... 38
§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses .................................................................................... 47
§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ... 59
§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses .................................... 65
CHAPTER 4
COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES
§ 40. Copyright Formalities ........................................................................................ 86
§ 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 ........................................................... 97
§ 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .................................... 116
§ 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 133
§ 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 139
CHAPTER 5
DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally [For Reference Only] ..................................... 143
§ 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ................... 147
§ 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
Before January 1, 1978 .............................................................................................. 156
§ 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations .................................................... 162
§ 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ...................................................................... 166
CHAPTER 6
COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS
§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [For Reference Only] ...................... 177
§ 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction ..................................... 181
§ 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ........................................................................ 191
§ 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to
Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ....................................... 204
CHAPTER 9
COPYRIGHT REMEDIES
§ 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ...................................................................... 215
§ 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases ........................................................................ 222
§ 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ......................................................... 250
§ 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ....................................................................... 284
§ 9.05. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees .............................................................................. 316
§ 9.06. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................. 333
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................ 347
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ..................................................... 423
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 439
Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................... xvi
Foreword .............................................................................................................. xvii
Reporters’ Memorandum ....................................................................................... xix
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 10. Excluded Subject Matter: Edicts of Law and Government Edicts .................... 1
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Reference Only] ................ 18
§ 15. Exclusion of Methods from Scope of Copyright Protection ............................. 28
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally
[Section 20 was approved at the 2021 Annual Meeting; Comment g is new.] .......... 38
§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses .................................................................................... 47
§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ... 59
§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses .................................... 65
CHAPTER 4
COPYRIGHT FORMALITIES
§ 40. Copyright Formalities ........................................................................................ 86
§ 41. Publication On or After January 1, 1978 ........................................................... 97
§ 46. Publication from July 1, 1909, to December 31, 1977 .................................... 116
§ 47. Use, Form, and Placement of Copyright Notice from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 133
§ 48. Registration of Copyright Claims from July 1, 1909, to
December 31, 1977 .................................................................................................. 139
CHAPTER 5
DURATION OF COPYRIGHT
§ 49. Duration of Copyright: Generally [For Reference Only] ..................................... 143
§ 50. Term of Copyright for Works Created On or After January 1, 1978 ................... 147
§ 51. Term of Copyright for Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted
Before January 1, 1978 .............................................................................................. 156
§ 53. Duration: Derivative Works and Compilations .................................................... 162
§ 54. Abandonment of Copyright Rights ...................................................................... 166
CHAPTER 6
COPYRIGHT RIGHTS AND LIMITATIONS
§ 55. Copyright Rights and Limitations: Generally [For Reference Only] ...................... 177
§ 56. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right of Reproduction ..................................... 181
§ 57. The Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to Distribute Copies or
Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ........................................................................ 191
§ 59. First Sale Limitation on the Copyright Owner’s Exclusive Right to
Distribute Copies or Phonorecords of the Work to the Public ....................................... 204
CHAPTER 9
COPYRIGHT REMEDIES
§ 9.01. Remedies for Copyright Infringement ...................................................................... 215
§ 9.02. Injunctive Relief in Copyright Cases ........................................................................ 222
§ 9.03. Monetary Relief: Actual Damages and Profits ......................................................... 250
§ 9.04. Monetary Relief: Statutory Damages ....................................................................... 284
§ 9.05. Costs, Including Attorney’s Fees .............................................................................. 316
§ 9.06. Impoundment and Disposition .................................................................................. 333
Appendix A. Statutory Appendix ................................................................................ 347
Appendix B. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 3 ..................................................... 423
Appendix C. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership ............................ 439
Tentative Draft No. 3 contains material from Chapter 1,Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants; Chapter 4, Copyright Formalities; Chapter 5, Duration of Copyright; Chapter 6, Copyright Rights and Limitations; and Chapter 9, Copyright Remedies. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance .................................................................................. xv
Foreword ............................................................................................................ xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum .................................................................................. xviii
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 1. How Copyright Protection Arises .................................................................... 1
§ 2. Types of Works Protected ............................................................................. 10
§ 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works ........................ 27
§ 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations ............................... 45
§ 5. Originality: In General .................................................................................... 56
§ 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ............................................. 59
§ 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement .................................................... 64
§ 8. Fixation ............................................................................................................ 75
§ 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government ................. 91
§ 11. National-Origin Eligibility ............................................................................... 108
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Discussion Only] ........... 117
§ 13. Copyright Protects Expression ....................................................................... 127
§ 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................. 131
§ 16. Exclusion of Facts from Scope of Copyright Protection .................................. 134
§ 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles ....142
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally .................. 165
§ 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship ................................................................ 173
§ 22. Joint Works ....................................................................................................... 179
§ 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work ............................................................ 201
§ 24. Works Made for Hire .......................................................................................... 222
§ 25. Transfers of Copyright ........................................................................................ 247
§ 26. The Written Instrument Requirement .................................................................. 265
§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses
[§ 27 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired.] ....... 282
§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses
[§ 28 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired.] ....... 294
§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses
[§ 29 was not considered at the 2021 Annual Meeting before time expired.] ....... 300
Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix .......................................................... 321
Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix .......................................................... 330
Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ........................................................... 333
Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 Revised ................................... 343
Revised Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. This draft has been revised to include the approved amended text. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xvii
Foreword .................................................................................................................... xix
Reporters’ Memorandum ........................................................................................... xxi
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 1. How Copyright Protection Arises .......................................................................... 1
§ 2. Types of Works Protected ................................................................................... 10
§ 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works .............................. 27
§ 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations .................................... 45
§ 5. Originality: In General ......................................................................................... 56
§ 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ................................................. 59
§ 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement ....................................................... 64
§ 8. Fixation ............................................................................................................... 75
§ 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government ................... 91
§ 11. National-Origin Eligibility ................................................................................. 108
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression but Does
Not Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements [For Discussion Only] .............. 117
§ 13. Copyright Protects Expression ......................................................................... 127
§ 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection ................................... 131
§ 16. Exclusion of Facts from Scope of Copyright Protection ................................... 134
§ 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles .... 142
CHAPTER 3
INITIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, VOLUNTARY LICENSES, AND TERMINATION OF GRANTS
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally .................. 165
§ 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship ................................................................ 173
§ 22. Joint Works ....................................................................................................... 179
§ 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work ........................................................... 201
§ 24. Works Made for Hire ........................................................................................ 222
§ 25. Transfers of Copyright ...................................................................................... 246
§ 26. The Written Instrument Requirement ............................................................... 263
§ 27. Nonexclusive Licenses ..................................................................................... 280
§ 28. Law Governing the Interpretation of Transfers and Nonexclusive Licenses ..... 292
§ 29. Statutory Rights to Terminate Transfers and Licenses ..................................... 297
Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 319
Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 327
Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ............................................................... 331
Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2 ..................................................... 341
Tentative Draft No. 2 contains Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally (§§ 1-9, 11); Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection (§ 12 (for discussion only); §§ 13, 14, 16, 19); and Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Voluntary Licenses, and Termination of Grants (§§ 20-29). The membership voted to approve Sections 1-9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 19, and 20-26 of this draft at the 2021 Annual Meeting, subject to motions to amend the draft passed at the Annual Meeting, the discussion at the Meeting, and editorial prerogative. Time expired before Sections 27-29 were discussed. The approved material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at Glance ................................................................................................ xv
Drafts That Were Scheduled for Submission at the 2020 Annual Meeting .................. xvii
CHAPTER 1
SUBJECT MATTER AND STANDARDS: GENERALLY
§ 1. How Copyright Protection Arises ............................................................................... 1
§ 2. Types of Works Protected .......................................................................................... 9
§ 3. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Derivative Works ................................... 26
§ 4. Works Incorporating Preexisting Material: Compilations .......................................... 44
§ 5. Originality: In General ............................................................................................... 55
§ 6. Originality: Independent-Creation Requirement ........................................................ 58
§ 7. Originality: Minimal-Creativity Requirement .............................................................. 63
§ 8. Fixation ...................................................................................................................... 74
§ 9. Excluded Subject Matter: Works of the United States Government .......................... 89
§ 11. National-Origin Eligibility ........................................................................................ 106
CHAPTER 2
SUBJECT MATTER OF COPYRIGHT: SCOPE OF PROTECTION
§ 12. Copyright that Subsists in a Work Protects Original Expression But Does Not
Extend to Ideas or Other Excluded Elements ................................................................ 115
§ 13. Copyright Protects Expression .............................................................................. 125
§ 14. Exclusion of Ideas from Scope of Copyright Protection ........................................ 129
§ 19. Pictorial, Graphic, and Sculptural Features in the Design of Useful Articles ....... 132
CHAPTER 3
INTIAL OWNERSHIP, TRANSFERS, LICENSES, TERMINATION OF GRANTS, AND ABANDONMENT
§ 20. Initial Ownership, Transfer, and Licensing of Copyright: Generally
[For Discussion Only] ........................................................................................................... 155
§ 21. Initial Ownership by Sole Authorship .............................................................................. 159
§ 22. Joint Works ..................................................................................................................... 165
§ 23. Ownership of Copyright in a Joint Work .......................................................................... 187
§ 24. Works Made for Hire ........................................................................................................ 208
§ 25. Transfers of Copyright ...................................................................................................... 232
§ 26. The Written Instrument Requirement ............................................................................... 249
Appendix A. Chapter 1 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 267
Appendix B. Chapter 2 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 275
Appendix C. Chapter 3 Statutory Appendix ................................................................ 279
Appendix D. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 ...................................................... 287
Tentative Draft No. 1 contains §§ 1-9 and 11 of Chapter 1, Subject Matter and Standards: Generally; §§ 12-14 and 19 of Chapter 2, Subject Matter of Copyright: Scope of Protection; and §§ 20 (for discussion only) and 21-26 of Chapter 3, Initial Ownership, Transfers, Licenses, Termination of Grants, and Abandonment. This draft was prepared for consideration at the 2020 Annual Meeting, which was cancelled. The draft has not been considered by the membership of ALI and therefore does not represent the position of the Institute on any of the issues with which it deals. The draft may be revised or supplemented prior to consideration by the membership in 2021.