REPORTERS
Nora Freeman Engstrom, Stanford Law School, Stanford, CA
Michael D. Green, Washington University in St. Louis School of Law (visiting professor), St. Louis, MO
William C. Powers, Jr., University of Texas at Austin School of Law, Austin, TX [deceased 2019]
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv
Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi
Sepulcher (Interference with Human Remains)
§ 48 D. The Right of Sepulcher (Disposition of Human Remains) Defined.................................. 1
§ 48 E. Interference with the Right of Sepulcher............................................................................ 8
§ 48 F. Infliction of Emotional Harm by Mistreatment of Human Remains ................................. 19
Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm
§ __. Medical Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 30
Appendix. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present Injury .......................... 64
Vicarious Liability
Introductory Note.......................................................................................................................... 72
Topic 1
Vicarious Liability Generally
§ 1. Definiton of Vicarious Liability............................................................................................ 72
§ 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability...................................................................................... 75
Topic 2
Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)
Introductory Note: History and Terminology................................................................................ 83
§ 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule........................................................ 86
§ 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of "Employee"................................................................. 91
§ 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment..................................................................... 102
Topic 3
Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority
§ 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority................. 134
Topic 4
Other Types of Vicarious Liability
§ 7. Other Types of Vicarious Liability....................................................................................... 158
Firefighter’s Rule
Firefighter’s Rule......................................................................................................................... 164
Liability for Economic Harm
Chapter 3
Interference with Economic Interests
§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract............................................. 198
Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm
Chapter 12
Liability in Event of Death
§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death)........................................ 228
§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim........................ 255
§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor................... 270
Chapter 3
The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability
§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm.................................................... 273
Chapter 8A
Interference with Family Relationships
§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished............................................................... 310
§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed's Affections Abolished............................................................ 314
§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished................................................................ 317
§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished........................................................ 323
§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights...................................................................... 327
§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished................................................................. 349
Aiding and Abetting negligence Torts
§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts............................................................................... 354
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 374
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 380
Appendix C. A Brief History of the Third Restatement of Torts......................................... 390
Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.
Table of Contents
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance............................................................................................................ xiv
Foreword...................................................................................................................................... xv
Reporters’ Memorandum............................................................................................................. xvi
Sepulcher (Interference with Human Remains)
§ 48 D. The Right of Sepulcher (Disposition of Human Remains) Defined.................................. 1
§ 48 E. Interference with the Right of Sepulcher............................................................................ 8
§ 48 F. Infliction of Emotional Harm by Mistreatment of Human Remains ................................. 19
Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm
§ __. Medical Monitoring.............................................................................................................. 30
Appendix. A State-by-State Table: Medical Monitoring Absent Present Injury .......................... 64
Vicarious Liability
Introductory Note.......................................................................................................................... 72
Topic 1
Vicarious Liability Generally
§ 1. Definiton of Vicarious Liability............................................................................................ 72
§ 2. Consequences of Vicarious Liability...................................................................................... 75
Topic 2
Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)
Introductory Note: History and Terminology................................................................................ 83
§ 3. Vicarious Liability of Employers for Torts of Employees Committed Within the Scope of Employment (Respondeat Superior)—General Rule........................................................ 86
§ 4. Respondeat Superior—Definition of "Employee"................................................................. 91
§ 5. Respondeat Superior—Scope of Employment..................................................................... 102
Topic 3
Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority
§ 6. Vicarious Liability of Principals for Torts Committed by Actors with Apparent Authority................. 134
Topic 4
Other Types of Vicarious Liability
§ 7. Other Types of Vicarious Liability....................................................................................... 158
Firefighter’s Rule
Firefighter’s Rule......................................................................................................................... 164
Liability for Economic Harm
Chapter 3
Interference with Economic Interests
§ 20 A. Bad-Faith Performance of First-Party Insurance Contract............................................. 198
Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm
Chapter 12
Liability in Event of Death
§ 70 [Approximately]. Actions for Causing Death (Wrongful Death)........................................ 228
§ 71 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Victim........................ 255
§ 72 [Approximately]. Survival of Tort Actions Upon the Death of the Tortfeasor................... 270
Chapter 3
The Negligence Doctrine and Negligence Liability
§ 18 A. Negligent Misrepresentation Causing Physical Harm.................................................... 273
Chapter 8A
Interference with Family Relationships
§ 48 F. Spousal Abduction and Enticement Abolished............................................................... 310
§ 48 G. Alienation of Betrothed's Affections Abolished............................................................ 314
§ 48 H. Alienation of a Child’s Affections Abolished................................................................ 317
§ 48 I. Parental Claim for Seduction of a Minor Abolished........................................................ 323
§ 48 J. Tortious Interference with Parental Rights...................................................................... 327
§ 48 K. Alienation of Parent’s Affections Abolished................................................................. 349
Aiding and Abetting negligence Torts
§ __. Aiding and Abetting Negligence Torts............................................................................... 354
Appendix A. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 2.............................................................. 374
Appendix B. Black Letter of Sections Approved by Membership....................................... 380
Appendix C. A Brief History of the Third Restatement of Torts......................................... 390
Tentative Draft No. 2 includes material on Right of Sepulcher, Medical Monitoring, Vicarious Liability, Firefighter’s Rule, First-Party Bad-Faith Insurance Claims, Wrongful-Death and Survival Actions, Negligent Misrepresentation, Marital and Family Torts, and Aiding and Abetting Liability. At the 2023 Annual Meeting, the membership voted to approve Sections 48D, 48E, and 48F (Sepulcher) of the draft. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
The membership discussed and voted on several motions on the section on Medical Monitoring. Because of time constraints, discussion of the section was not completed and no vote was taken to approve the section. Time expired before the remainder of this draft was discussed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xv
Foreword .................................................................................................................. xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................... xvii
APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
TOPIC 6
TORT CLAIMS FOR ECONOMIC HARM
§ 27. Apportionment of Liability for Tort Claims for Economic Harm—General
Principle ........................................................................................................................ 1
§ 28. Apportionment of Liability Issues and Outline of This Topic ................................. 7
§ 29. Apportionment of Liability When Harm Can be Divided by Factual Causation .... 9
§ 30. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 17
§ 31. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Non-Intentional Tortfeasor
Defendant .................................................................................................................... 24
§ 32. Joint and Several Liability of Intentional Tortfeasors ........................................... 35
§ 33. Comparative Responsibility Share of Non-Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 37
§ 34. Effect of Settlement on Apportionment of Liability ............................................... 45
§ 35. Indemnity ............................................................................................................. 48
§ 36. Contribution .......................................................................................................... 51
§ 37. Apportionment of Liability When a Plaintiff Prevails on More Than One
Legal Theory .................................................................................................................. 57
APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
TOPIC 1
BASIC RULES OF COMPARATIVE RESPONSIBILITY
§ 4 A. Wrongful Acts Doctrine ......................................................................................... 63
§ 4 B. Criminal Conduct and Other Statutory Wrongs as Plaintiff Negligence Per Se .... 66
Appendix ……………………………………….…….............................................………… 89
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 11
LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 91
§ 1. Patient and Provider Defined .................................................................................... 93
§ 2. Patient-Care Relationship ....................................................................................... 100
§ 3. Duties to Patients and Others ................................................................................. 119
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 8A
INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
§ 48 D. Alienation of Spousal Affections Abolished ........................................................ 140
§ 48 E. Criminal Conversation Abolished ....................................................................... 147
IMMUNITIES
Special Note on Immunities ………………................................................………………. 155
CHAPTER 1
INTRA-FAMILY IMMUNITIES
§ 1. Spousal Immunity ..................................................................................................... 157
§ 2. Parental Immunity ..................................................................................................... 161
§ 3. Child Immunity .......................................................................................................... 164
§ 4. No Immunity for Other Familial Relationships ........................................................... 167
CHAPTER 2
MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNITIES
§ 5. Charitable Immunity .................................................................................................. 169
§ 6. Immunity of a Minor .................................................................................................. 171
§ 7. Immunity of an Actor with a Mental or Emotional Disability ...................................... 172
CHAPTER 3
GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES IMMUNITIES
§ 8. United States Immunity [to come] ............................................................................. 175
§ 9. State Immunity .......................................................................................................... 175
§ 10. Local Governmental Entity Immunity ...................................................................... 206
§ 11. Public Official and Employees Immunity [to come] ................................................. 250
PARENTAL STANDARD OF CARE
§ 10A. Parental Standard of Care .................................................................................... 251
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 8
LIABILITY FOR EMOTIONAL HARM
Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 271
§ 48 A. Loss of Spousal Consortium ................................................................................ 272
§ 48 B. Loss of Child Consortium ..................................................................................... 297
§ 48 C. Loss of Parental Consortium ............................................................................... 308
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .......................................................... 323
Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
Project Status at a Glance ........................................................................................ xv
Foreword .................................................................................................................. xvi
Reporters’ Memorandum ......................................................................................... xvii
APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
TOPIC 6
TORT CLAIMS FOR ECONOMIC HARM
§ 27. Apportionment of Liability for Tort Claims for Economic Harm—General
Principle ........................................................................................................................ 1
§ 28. Apportionment of Liability Issues and Outline of This Topic ................................. 7
§ 29. Apportionment of Liability When Harm Can be Divided by Factual Causation .... 9
§ 30. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 17
§ 31. Comparing Responsibility of Plaintiff and Non-Intentional Tortfeasor
Defendant .................................................................................................................... 24
§ 32. Joint and Several Liability of Intentional Tortfeasors ........................................... 35
§ 33. Comparative Responsibility Share of Non-Intentional Tortfeasor Defendant ...... 37
§ 34. Effect of Settlement on Apportionment of Liability ............................................... 45
§ 35. Indemnity ............................................................................................................. 48
§ 36. Contribution .......................................................................................................... 51
§ 37. Apportionment of Liability When a Plaintiff Prevails on More Than One
Legal Theory .................................................................................................................. 57
APPORTIONMENT OF LIABILITY
TOPIC 1
BASIC RULES OF COMPARATIVE RESPONSIBILITY
§ 4 A. Wrongful Acts Doctrine ......................................................................................... 63
§ 4 B. Criminal Conduct and Other Statutory Wrongs as Plaintiff Negligence Per Se .... 66
Appendix ……………………………………….…….............................................………… 89
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 11
LIABILITY OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS
Introductory Note ............................................................................................................. 91
§ 1. Patient and Provider Defined .................................................................................... 93
§ 2. Patient-Care Relationship ....................................................................................... 100
§ 3. Duties to Patients and Others ................................................................................. 119
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 8A
INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS
§ 48 D. Alienation of Spousal Affections Abolished ........................................................ 140
§ 48 E. Criminal Conversation Abolished ....................................................................... 147
IMMUNITIES
Special Note on Immunities ………………................................................………………. 155
CHAPTER 1
INTRA-FAMILY IMMUNITIES
§ 1. Spousal Immunity ..................................................................................................... 157
§ 2. Parental Immunity ..................................................................................................... 161
§ 3. Child Immunity .......................................................................................................... 164
§ 4. No Immunity for Other Familial Relationships ........................................................... 167
CHAPTER 2
MISCELLANEOUS IMMUNITIES
§ 5. Charitable Immunity .................................................................................................. 169
§ 6. Immunity of a Minor .................................................................................................. 171
§ 7. Immunity of an Actor with a Mental or Emotional Disability ...................................... 172
CHAPTER 3
GOVERNMENTAL ENTITIES AND PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES IMMUNITIES
§ 8. United States Immunity [to come] ............................................................................. 175
§ 9. State Immunity .......................................................................................................... 175
§ 10. Local Governmental Entity Immunity ...................................................................... 206
§ 11. Public Official and Employees Immunity [to come] ................................................. 250
PARENTAL STANDARD OF CARE
§ 10A. Parental Standard of Care .................................................................................... 251
LIABILITY FOR PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL HARM
CHAPTER 8
LIABILITY FOR EMOTIONAL HARM
Introductory Note .............................................................................................................. 271
§ 48 A. Loss of Spousal Consortium ................................................................................ 272
§ 48 B. Loss of Child Consortium ..................................................................................... 297
§ 48 C. Loss of Parental Consortium ............................................................................... 308
Appendix. Black Letter of Tentative Draft No. 1 .......................................................... 323
Tentative Draft No. 1 includes material on Apportionment of Liability for Economic Harm; Wrongful Acts Doctrine; Liability of Medical Professionals and Institutions; Interference with Family Relationships; Immunities; Parental Standard of Care; and Consortium. The membership voted to approve this draft at the 2022 Annual Meeting, subject to the discussion at the Meeting and editorial prerogative. This material may be cited as representing the Institute’s position until the official text is published.